By combining biodiversity-capacity and biodiversity-footprint data from the National Ecological Footprint dataset, from the Ecological Footprint Initiative, Huang et al. created a biodiversity index for 35 countries, available from 1991 up to 2022. This data can be used to perform several kind of economical/financial analysis, for example when matched with firm level information.

A more specific description of the data than "Biodiversity index" would be "Risk index representing the risks tied to the degradation and the dependencies of nature-related services". Thus, it focuses mainly on the financial materiality of these ecosystemic services and does not address corporate impacts, nor the overall state of the biodiversity/ecosystems.

For additional information, please refer to the corresponding paper: Huang et al. (2024) “Biodiversity Risk, Firm Performance, and Market Mispricing”, SSRN 4765039.

Users are required to cite as follows: “Research work based on Huang et al. (2023), supported by the EquipEx Pladifes (ANR-21-ESRE-0036) and hosted at the Institut Louis Bachelier".

Country level biodiversity index by Huang et al. is licensed under CC BY 4.0

The Biodiversity Data Inventory aims to consolidate and document existing biodiversity datasets. Its purpose is to support research on the financial impacts of biodiversity and to better understand how biodiversity loss influences financial and economic activities. Categories represent types of land or water use linked to biodiversity, ranging from areas exploited for food, resources, and livestock (fishing grounds, cropland, grazing land, forest products) to human-occupied spaces (built-up land), and forest areas that provide essential carbon uptake.

Data Source	Content	Temporal coverage	Description	Potential use	Category
A dataset for pollinator diversity	Information on pollinator abundance, diversity and their interactions with plants	2005-2017	contains 67954 individual pollinator records. Includes 937 morphospecies of pollinators across 105 families, including data for bees, wasps, butterflies, moths and flies.	interactions between plants and pollinators	species
Biodiversity Intactness Index	BII summaries under various scenarios	1970-2050	Used the PREDICTS database of local biodiversity measures at thousands of sites around the world. Statiscally modelled how total abundance of organisms and compositional similarity responded to land use and related pressures. We combined	BII estimates the remaining abundance of native species in a given area relative to an undisturbed baseline, offering a clear indicator of biodiversity health and degradation. Companies can use BII to evaluate how their operations or supply chains intersect with ecosystems of varying intactness, helping to quantify their contributions to biodiversity decline. Low BII scores signal ecosystems under stress, flagging potential exposure to regulatory, reputational, or operational risks—especially for firms reliant on degraded or threatened landscapes.	indicator
BioTIME	Species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages over time	1874-2018	Contains over 12 million records of almost 50,000 species from over 600,000 locations, helping to understand and predict biodiversity change.	Enables rigorous double-materiality analysis by quantifying temporal trends in biodiversity (e.g. species richness, abundance changes, turnover) that can be linked to ecosystem service dependencies and financial exposure, such as impacts on ecosystem productivity, resilience, or regulatory risk.	species
BirdLife	Threatened (or not) bird species	2018-2024	Bird species IUCN red list category, extent of occurrence, migratory status, distribution,	Access to global catalogs of Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) and Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) lets firms locate assets or supply chains in regions vital for bird, and broader biodiversity, conservation. Species distribution maps and threat-status data enable quantification of corporate pressures on vulnerable or endemic bird species, translating habitat conversion or disturbance into impact‑side metrics. Overlaying project footprints with IBA/KBA boundaries and known threat layers (e.g. invasive species, land‑use change) flags operations at high risk of regulatory, reputational, or legal challenges.	species
CEFAS	Recap of some of the existing marine biodiversity datasets in the UK	early 20th century-2024	5500 datasets including: fish, species migration data, habitat and sediment information, ecosystem change indicators, human activities such as marine litter…	data on species abundance, distribution and habitat conditions can be used to compute biodiversity metrics+ carbon sequestration (blue carbon ecosystems, saltmarshes and seagrasses…)	species, fishing grounds
Center for Sustainability and the global Environment	global land use, cropland,	Varies	The data contains a combination of modeled built-up areas (base on nighttime lights) and observed built-up areas (based on IGBP land cover data).	Measure how much natural or semi‑natural land has been converted for human infrastructure, a key for estimating corporate impacts on habitat loss. Overlaying company facilities, supply‑chain nodes, or project sites onto built‑up land layers highlights where business operations have displaced or fragment ecosystems, signaling reliance on intact habitats elsewhere. Expanding urbanization often drives regulatory tightening, reputational scrutiny, and ecosystem service disruptions (e.g. water runoff, pollination). Built‑up land trends help identify assets in regions facing these pressures.	land use, cropland
Corine Land Cover	Land cover for France	1990, 2000, 2006, 2012, 2018	"It is based on visual interpretation of satellite images, supported by additional data. Land parcels of at least 25 hectares (and 5 ha for changes) and minimum 100 m width are mapped, provided they are homogeneous in land cover type. The mapping is done at a 1:100,000 scale using a three-level hierarchical nomenclature with 44 land cover classes"	Providing harmonized, pan-European data on land cover and its evolution, CLC helps quantify corporate impacts on natural and semi-natural habitats—critical for assessing biodiversity loss. By mapping business activities against land cover types (e.g. forests, wetlands, agricultural areas), CLC reveals how firms rely on ecosystem services. Detecting land conversion or degradation near corporate assets or supply chains can highlight exposure to biodiversity-related physical, regulatory, or reputational risks.	land cover
Corinne	Provides at global level spatial information on different types (classes) of physical coverage of the Earth's surface, e.g. forests, grasslands, croplands, lakes, wetlands.	1990-2018	Provides pan-European CORINE Land Cover inventory for 44 thematic classes for the 2018 reference year. The dataset has a Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) of 25 hectares (ha) for areal phenomena and a Minimum Mapping Width (MMW) of 100 m for linear phenomena and is available as vector and as 100 m raster data.	Tracking land-use impacts: Offering consistent, time-series data on land cover changes across Europe, CORINE helps identify how corporate activities contribute to habitat degradation, fragmentation, or conversion—key drivers of biodiversity loss. Assessing dependencies: By locating business operations in or near high-value natural or semi-natural areas (e.g. forests, wetlands), CORINE can reveal company dependencies on ecosystem services. Informing risk exposure: CORINE data can highlight areas of land-use change that may trigger regulatory scrutiny or loss of ecosystem services, helping financial institutions evaluate nature-related risks in portfolios.	land use/land cover
CPC Pollinator Database	information about plants and their pollinators	nan	information on plant-pollinator interactions, focusing on rare and endangered plant species. It includes data on confirmed and potential pollinators.	we can associate what species pollinate what plant	species
Cropland area database by country circa 2020	global estimates of cropland areas	2020	global coverage with data for 221 countries and territories, as well as 34 regional aggregates. Provides: mean cropland area estimates and associated uncertainties, cropland area categorised by 6 distinct agreement classes,	assess land use changes, habitat fragmentation, and the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity. Integrating this dataset with species distribution models and conservation planning tools allows better understanding of how agricultural expansion affects biodiv	cropland
CropPol	measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollinaton	2001-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2015, 2016-2020	measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3394 field observations, 2552 yield measurements (ie berry mass, number of fruits, and fruit density) and 47752 insect records from 48 commercial crops	analyses the pollinators impacts on crop yields through different regions and time periods	species
CSIRO	Biodiversity Habitat Index : Spatial distribution of habitat loss and degradation impacts. Translates observed spatial distribution of habitat loss and degradation into expected impacts on retention of terrestrial biodiversity.	2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020	BHI estimates the proportion of diversity that may be kept in a given area.	Potential evaluation of financial exposure through changes in natural ecosystem condition and ecosystem services (e.g. water provisioning, pollination, soil fertility, habitat stability) that affect operations, asset productivity or regulatory liability. + quantitative assessment of corporate or investment footprint on biodiversity, using spatial, temporal and ecosystem-specific indicators	species
CSIRO	Many categories : agricultural and food sciences, earth sciences, economics, environmental sciences	2012-2025	several datasets to forest ecosystem structure, function and biodiversity. For example, BILBI (global biodiveresity indicators at a 1km grid resolution), ALA (repository about Australian plants, animals and fungi)	BILBI provides biodiversity indicators, ALA offers species occurrence data	species
Digital Observatory for Protected Areas	The map shows the percentage of coverage of the terrestrial and marine ecoregions of the world, excluding lakes, rock and ice, by protected areas.	2015-2019 (only marine in 2019)	area protected and protection percentage	Identifying company assets or supply chains located near protected areas with high ecosystem service value, signaling reliance on natural capital. Highlighting corporate activities that may affect protected or key biodiversity areas, including pressure from land use or encroachment risks. Providing indicators on ecosystem condition and protection effectiveness, helping assess financial exposure to physical, regulatory, and reputational risks linked to biodiversity degradation.	marine ecoregions coverage
Documenting pollinator communities, floral hosts, and plant-pollinator interactions in Pacific Northwest US	Compilation of pollinator communities, their floral hosts and plant-pollinator interactions across agroecosystems in the Pacific Northwest region.	2014-2016	Focus on both managed and wild pollinator species, and their interactions with various plant species within agricultural landscapes.	Evaluate pollinator species richness and abundance. Analyse plant pollinator network structures	species
Earth Data, ORNL DAAC	LUH2 (land use Harmonisation Version 2)	850?-2019	includes 0.25 degree gridded, global maps of fractional land use states, transitions and management practices.	Enhanced spatial fidelity and correction of wood-harvest artifacts make LUH2‑GCB2019 more reliable for quantifying corporate land conversion impact over time. Historical land-use transitions (e.g. afforestation, regrowth, harvest) improve understanding of ecosystem conditions underlying business dependencies. Region-specific anomalies in Brazil and other areas highlight where companies may face elevated transition or physical risks tied to land-use trends.	forest carbon up take
Earth Stat	Cropland and Pasture area in 2000; harvested area and yield 2000; greenhouse gas emissions from croplands; climate variation effects on crop yields for maize soybean, rice and wheat; yield trends and changes for maize, soybean, rice and wheat; water depletion; yield gaps and climate bins for major crops; nutrient application for major crops; total nutrient balance for 140 crops; carbon stocks in potential natural vegetation; crop allocation to food, feed, nonfood; harvested area and yield for 4 crops (1995-2005)	1995-2005	Cropland and pasture area, harvested area and yield for 175 crops, greenhouse gas emissions from croplands…	land use and crop distribution data can be used to evaluate habitat fragmentation and its effects on biodiversity	cropland
EarthEnv	global 1-km Consensus Land Cover	2005?	The datasets integrate multiple global remote sensing-derived land-cover products and provide consensus information on the prevalence of 12 land-cover classes at 1-km resolution.	Mapping firms' asset locations against high resolution species richness, endemism and habitat interigrity layers to quantify how business operations rely on healthy ecosytems	land cover
FAO	Statistics about forest areas, forest growing stock and carbon	1990-2020	Provides statistics about forest areas, regenerated and planted forest areas etc	FRA data indicate reliance on ecosystem services through metrics on primary versus planted forests, and the prevalence of national programmes for conservation, soil/water protection, and biodiversity, revealing how businesses depend on intact and functional forest ecosystems. Regions with decreasing net forest growth or high levels of disturbances may signal elevated transition or physical risks (e.g. regulatory tightening, reputational issues), especially where management objectives lack biodiversity protection.	land use/land cover
FAO	Crops and livestock products	1961-2025	Provides data for all countries and crops and livestockn commodities in terms of production, harvested areas, and live and slaughtered animal numbers	Assess corporate contributions to biodiversity pressure by linking production data (e.g. hectares of crop area) with ecosystem conversion and habitat loss metrics, especially for high-impact commodities like soy, palm oil, or animal feed crops. Yield and production figures for ecosystem-dependent commodities (e.g. pollinated crops, livestock reliant on pasture systems) help reveal financial reliance on ecosystem services like pollination, soil fertility, and water supply. Shifts in production volumes in sensitive regions may reflect ecosystem degradation or structural shifts in supply chains, revealing potential nature-related regulatory, reputational, or supply continuity risks.	crops
ForC	carbon stocks and fluxes, site information, stand characteristics, methodological information	1934-2015	global forest carbon database, further information about sites, disturbances history,	examine relationship between forest carbon dynamics and biodiversity	forest carbon up take
GBIF (global Biodiversity Information Facility)	Species occurrence records, taxonomic data, geospatial coordinates	1800-2023	Aggregates biodiversity data from institutions worldwide, providing a comprehensive repository for species distribution and occurrence information.	Potential index	species
Geo-Wiki	Land cover validation, agricultural field size mapping, forest management mapping	2009, varies	Land cover validation, agricultural field size mapping, forest management mapping	accurate land cover and forest management data contribute to habitat quality evaluations, species distribution modeling and	land use/land cover
GLAD (global Land Analysis and Discovery)	global Land Cover and land use change	2000-2020	Quantifies changes in forest extent and height, cropland, built-up lands, surface water, and perennial snow and ice extent from 2000 to 2020 at 30-meter spatial resolution.	Use GLAD's high frequency alerts on tree-cover loss and land use change to pinpoint where a company's asses or supply-chain activities overlap with rapidly degrading ecosystems revealing dependencies on intact forest and other habitats + Translate GLAD’s quantified area‑loss metrics into estimates of corporate footprint on biodiversity (e.g. hectares of habitat conversion), feeding directly into impact‑side materiality analyses. + Leverage trends in deforestation and land‑degradation from GLAD to flag potential regulatory, reputational or physical risks for portfolios with holdings in deforestation‑prone regions.	land cover
Global Bee Interaction Data	compilation of bee-plant interaction records from various sources	nan	Interaction types such as pollination events, floral visitation and nesting behaviours.	Analyse species richness, interaction diversity and network structures to derive indices that reflect ecosystem health.	species
global Dynamic Land Cover	Changes in land cover and land use.	2015-2019	Detailed view of land cover at three classification levels. Includes continuous field layers that provide proportional estimates for vegetation and ground cover for the land cover types	GDLC provides globally consistent, annually updated land cover maps that help track changes in ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, and grasslands—key for assessing corporate impacts on biodiversity. By overlaying business operations or supply chains on GDLC layers, companies can evaluate their reliance on specific land cover types that support vital ecosystem services. GDLC enables the detection of land-use change in ecologically sensitive areas, highlighting locations where companies may face increased environmental or regulatory risks.	land use/land cover, forest
Global Forest Aboveground Carbon stocks and fluxes	global gridded estimates of forest aboveground carbon stocks and potential fluxes	2018-2021	global gridded estimates of forest aboveground carbon stocks and potential fluxes	estimates of forest aboveground carbon stocks and fluxes. Integrate these data with species distribution models and other ecological datasets	forest carbon up take
Global Forest Ecosystem structure and function data for carbon balance research	compilation of forest ecosystem carbon budget variables, exosystem traits	nan	encompasses carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks) ecosystem traits (such as biomass, leaf area index) for 529 forest sites across eight biomes.	standing biomass, leaf area index and age are essential for modeling habitat quality and assessing ecosystem services	forest carbon up take
global Forest Watch	Forest changes, land cover, land use, climate, biodiversity (biodiversity status and critical biodiversity areas)	2000-2020	Key statistics about global forests. Statistics and global rankings – including rates of forest change, forest extent and drivers of deforestation.	GFW provides near real-time data on tree cover loss, forest degradation, and fire alerts, enabling companies and investors to quantify their contributions to deforestation and habitat loss. By mapping assets and supply chains against intact and primary forests, GFW helps assess corporate reliance on forest ecosystem services such as water regulation and carbon storage	land cover, forest change, fires, climate
global Land and Bioversity Data	Analyzes the relationship between land use changes and biodiversity trends over time	2005, 2010, 2021, 2024	Land use data and biodiversity data	Evaluates how shifts in land-use (e.g. deforestation, agricultural expansion) correlate with reduced biodiversity protection, which may signal material risks to ecosystem services leveraged in business operations or value chains. Tracks changes in the proportion of protected biodiversity sites over time by country, offering a proxy for a company's or investment's footprint on habitat conversion and ecosystem condition	land use/land cover
Global Pollinator Database	Interactions between 80 cultures and 256 pollinators species	nan	Includes more than 80 agricultural crops and over 250 pollinator species. Focuses on the type and frequency of pollination interactions. It aggregates observations from published scientific literature, field studies.	Analyses crops dependencies to animal pollinators and estimating their extinction related risks.	land use, species
GLOBIO (global Biodiversity model for policy support)	Mean Species Abundance (MSA), land use/cover scenarios	1990-2020	Provides scenario-based projections of biodiversity indicators under different land-use and policy scenarios.	GLOBIO's MSA outcomes and ecosystem services scenarios (e.g pollination, carbon sequestration, erosion control) reveal areas where biodiversity degradation creates financial exposure under current or future socioeconomic pathways. The model quantifies potential biodiversity footprint or operations or supply chains through spatially explicit MSA decline attributable to land-use change, infrastructure, nutrient deposition, climate or hunting pressures.	land use, species
GLOBIO (global Biodiversity model for policy support)	Nitrogen impact data, global database on urban ecosystem services assessments, hunting impact data	2017, 2018+projections	quantifies the effects of human induced pressures on biodiversity by calculating the MSA indicator, which reflects the average abundance of original species relative to undisturbed ecosystems.	MSA indicator serves as a proxy for ecosystem integrity. Additionally, the model's outputs inform other biodiversity indices and tools, such as the GBS facilitating the evaluation of biodiversity footprints across sectors and regions	land use, species
HILDA+	global Land Use Change	1960-2019	Shows annual global land use/cover and transitions between 1960 and 2019 at 1km spatial resolution. It's derived from a combination of multiple satellite-based land cover data and national land use statistics	HILDA+ enables spatially explicit accounting of corporate-related land cover change (e.g., deforestation, urban expansion), supporting assessments of biodiversity footprints and habitat conversion impacts over time. By overlaying company assets or supply chains on HILDA+’s land‑cover state maps and transition layers, firms can evaluate dependencies on intact ecosystems and ecosystem services relied on historically or presently. The dataset reveals regions with high rates of change such as rapid deforestation or cropland expansion where companies may face increased physical, regulatory, or reputational risks tied to biodiversity loss.	land use/land cover
IBGE	Estimated annual soy production, yield, exploited area	2006-2019	Provides estimated annual soy production, annual soy yield	IBGE’s agricultural statistics enable biodiversity impact assessments by quantifying land-use intensity. Companies tied to Brazilian agricultural supply chains (e.g. soy, sugarcane, cacao) can calculate how much land is converted—feeding into biodiversity footprint models. Annual yield and production data reveal reliance on ecosystem services such as healthy soils, water supply, and pollinators. This is especially relevant for commodities with known biodiversity pressure. Time-series trends (2006–2019) at municipality or state level indicate where intensification, expansion, or declining yields may reflect ecosystem degradation or unsustainable practices, highlighting sourcing risks or nature-related regulatory exposure.	crops
IIASA Global Forest Database	spatially information on forest biomass and carbon stocks	2005?	presents the FAO's Global Foresst Resources data at an enhanced spatial resolution of 0.5 degrees. It includes information on: Forest growing stock, above and below-ground biomass, carbon stock in forests	integrate these data with species distribution models and other ecological datasets	forest carbon up take and general information about forests
IUCN	Threatened species	2023	The global standard for assessing the conservation status of species. Provides assessments (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, etc.) based on population size, trend, range size, and threats. Includes range maps for many assessed species.	The Red List identifies species and ecosystem collapse hotspots where operational or value-chain activities may face regulatory, reputational or resource-related financial risks (e.g. restrictions on land use or biodiversity offset requirements) . The Red List Index is used to track biodiversity loss trends, informing scenario analysis for policy and business impacts. Red List statuses support quantification of a company's or project's biodiversity footprint by evaluating how operations intersect with threatened species or fragile ecosystems.	species
LPI (Living Planet Index)	Time series of population abundance data for vertebrate species	1970-2024	The Living Planet Database contains tens of thousands of vertebrate population time-series from around the world	Monitoring long-term trends in monitored wildlife populations highlights systemic biodiversity degradation which signals material risks to ecosystem-based services (e.g. fisheries, pollination, carbon sequestration, water purifiication). These trends can inform scenario analysis, risk assessments, and early warning systems for exposure across sectors and portfolios. LPI enables benchmarking of ecological performance over time	species
Map of Life	It offers global biodiversity data, focusing on species distributions, biodiversity indicators, and conservation metrics. It integrates expert maps, occurrence records, and predictive models to provide spatially explicit information on species richness, endemism, and conservation status across taxonomic groups.	2000-2024	Aggregates and models biodiversity information to provide near-global coverage of where species are, how their distributions change, and where biodiversity is most at risk. The platform combines observational data, ecological modeling, and conservation science to produce actionable metrics for conservation and environmental planning.	Identifying areas of high conservation value or endemic richness. Overlaying infrastructure, agricultural or trade-related impacts with biodiversity hotspots. Supporting corporate biodiversity footprint assessments and spatial risk screening.	species
MapBiomas	Land use and land cover classifications, including urban areas, agriculture, and natural vegetation	1985-2023	Annual, high resolution spatial data on Deforestation, Land use change, Wetlands, Mangroves, grasslands…	Evaluate a company's biodiversity footprint in a given region (agriculture, mining). Quantify a company's responsibility for habitat conversion by linking spatial data with asset maps. By overlaying MapBiomas data with financial data of companies in affected regions, we can estimate exposure to physical and transition risks.	land use
Ocean Biodiversity Information System	Knowledge base on the diversity, distribution and abundance of all marine organisms	1900-2025	World's ocean biodiversity and biogeographic data and information.	Assessing financial risks and dependencies tied to marine biodiversity, such as exposure to declining ecosystem services (fisheries, coastal resilience, carbon sequestration) and regulatory or operational implications if species distributions shift or habitat quality deteriorates. Quantifying ecological impacts by comparing business or investment site locations and activities with species occurrence trends and hotspots, helping to map where operations may affect marine biodiversity. Supporting stress testing and scenario analysis, including modelling impacts of climate change (such as ocean warming or acidification)	species
Our world in data	Share of global forest, share of land covered by forest	1990-2020	Table, map or chart including forest distribution, forest coverage	Corporate biodiversity footprint assessments can use annual forest loss and area statistics to estimate contributions to habitat conversion and assess impact-side materiality. By overlaying business locations or supply-sourced regions on mapped forest area and certification layers, firms can evaluate reliance on ecosystem services provided by sustainable and intact forests. Regions with declining forest area, low certification rates, or limited protected coverage indicate material risks regulatory tightening, reputational exposure, or diminished ecosystem resilience.	land use/land cover, forest
Plant community data	Species (trees, herb), number of individuals	Collected in 1949-1951.	Sampling location, Species list, Herb shrub data, Tree data, Resampled site coordinates	Overlaying business sites or supply chain nodes into Whittaker’s gradient-stratified plots allows insight into historical community structures and intactness. This reveals reliance on specific ecological conditions (e.g. serpentine-endemic flora) and ecosystem stability across soil or elevation gradients. Whittaker’s data capture naturally high values of alpha and beta diversity in a biodiversity hotspot. Plot-level species richness and turnover can inform assessments of ecological sensitivity and potential biodiversity impacts near operational sites. By identifying locations aligning with environmentally fragile substrates (e.g. serpentine soils rich in endemics), companies can flag risks associated with operations in ecologically sensitive landscapes, risks heightened in regulatory or reputational terms.	species
PolLimCrop	pollination experiment with at least two treatments, the hand pollen supplementation treatment and natural pollination. + crop accession, level at which the hand pollen supplementatino was applied, sample sizes	1950-2020	comprises 294 studies and 1169 unique pollen supplementation experiments with values of pollen limitation for 108 crops, spanning 50 years and 62 countries	Pollen limitation where crops receiveinsufficient pollination, leading to reduced yields. This limitation is often a direct consequence of declining pollinator populations	species
Pollination supply models	Integrates empirical observations with modeling approaches to predict pollinator visitation rates to crops. Use mechanical, ML, ensemble models.	2001-2023	Use CropPol database, which includes: pollinator abundance and richness, crop varieties, sampling methods…	Supports assessment of financial exposure to pollination service decline (e.g in agricultural productivity) and helps quantify a company's or asset's dependency on biodiversity.	species
Pollinator Hub	data on pollination services provided by pollinating insects, pollinator health, and beekeeping productivity	depends on the dataset	depends on the dataset (egs: records of daily number of exits and entrances of bees, data from weather stations in the vicinity of the test apiaries..)	Simultaneous assessment of the financial risks tied to declining pollination services (yield losses, input cost volatility) and the positive biodiversity impacts of conservation measures.	species
PPBio	species occurrence records, abundance, environmental data, temporal data	2001-2024	data are organised by site, structured as grids with uniformly distributed plots, allowing for consistent sampling and comparability across different regions and time periods.	species richness, shannon diversity, evenness	species
Predicis+	data about 3862 invertebrate species and 640 pollinators	nan	Compiles occurrence records of invertebrate and plant species within agricultural landscapes, primarily in France. Includes standardised observations of species presence, abundance.	analyses the impact of the soil utilisation intensity on the pollinators biodiversity	species
RAISG	georeferenced data on the Amazon socio environmental aspects (including forest coverage, protected areas)	2020-2024	geospatial information on the Amazon : indigeneous territory and protected areas, infrastructure works...	RAISG provides detailed geospatial data on the Amazon biome, including forests, protected areas, indigenous territories, and deforestation fronts—crucial for identifying company dependencies on intact ecosystems. By overlaying infrastructure (e.g. mining, roads, oil extraction) with RAISG’s land-use and deforestation maps, businesses can quantify their contributions to biodiversity loss in high-value tropical ecosystems. RAISG highlights regions of socio-environmental conflict and ecological vulnerability, helping investors and firms identify exposure to regulatory, social, and reputational risks tied to Amazon degradation.	forest, forest coverage, forest carbon up take (but not directly)
Trase	Detailed supply chain data linking consumer markets to deforestation and land-use change risks through agricultural commodity trade. The dataset maps the flows of commodities such as soy, beef, palm oil, and others from producing regions to importers and countries of destination, highlighting the actors involved at each step.	2012	Trase integrates customs, logistics, company ownership, and production data to model supply chains. It identifies sourcing regions, quantifies deofrestation risk embedded in commodity exports, and traces connections between production and consumption.	Link commodity production areas with deforestation and habitat loss. It helps identify regions and actors with high biodiversity risk exposure. Support corporate biodiversity risk assessment and ESG reporting	crops
UNECE	Environmental statistics for member countries across Europe, Central Asia and North America. The data includes indicators related to land use, environmental protection, water, forests, and biodiversity. While it does not offer species-level biodiversity daata, it provides policy-relevant metrics such as protected areas, forest area change, land cover and environmental expenditures.	1990-2023	Includes standardised indicators developed in collaboration with the UN and Eurostat	Evaluating land use trends and pressures on ecosystems. Monitoring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas. Analysing environmental governance and investment that affects biodiversity outcomes.	land use
USDA	global ground based data and estimates of forest carbon stock and sink	1990-2024	Includes regional and country-level estimates of forest areas, carbon stocks and carbon sinks. Data are based on ground measurements of trees from different forests worldwide.	Leverage carbon stock and sink estimates to assess corporate impacts on ecosystem carbon cycles particularly where forestry, logging, land-use change, or restoration activities are involved. This dataset offers empirical basis for estimating nature-related impacts tied to carbon emissions or sequestration. Companies and financial institutions reliant on forest carbon storage (e.g. via carbon credits, nature-based offsets) can use this data to evaluate dependence on forests’ climate-regulating ecosystem services across geographies and time. Regions exhibiting declining forest carbon stock or weak sink capacity especially over recent decades, can signal elevated physical and transition risks tied to climate regulations or ecosystem degradation risks in corporate supply chains.	forest carbon up take
USFWS National Wetlands Inventory (USA)	Extent, type, and location of wetlands and deepwater habitats	1977-2024	Provides detailed information on the nation's wetlands, supporting conservation and land-use planning.	Enables assessment of dependencies and impacts related to wetland ecosystems, informing double materiality by highlighting financial risks (e.g. flood mitgiation loss) and ecological impacts (e.g. habitat degradation)	land cover, habitat, ecosystem
Victorian Government Biodiversity Data (Australia)	Species occurrences, habitat types, conservation status	1990-2024	Offers comprehensive biodiversity data for Victoria, aiding in conservation planning and environmental assessments.	Facilitates identification of biodiversity risks and impacts linked to business operations or investments in Victoria, supporting double materiality assessments by informing both financial exposure and ecological impacts for ESG reporting.	land use, species
WRI. Global Pasture Watch	Global annual maps at 30m resolution distinguishing cultivated grassland and natural/semi-natural grassland, alongside probability surfaces for each class.	2000-2022	Global annual maps at 30m resolution distinguishing cultivated grassland and natural/semi-natural grassland, alongside probability surfaces for each class.	Distinguish between natural/semi-natural grasslands and cultivated grasslands, enabling identification of habitat conversion hotspots and fragmentation. Time series supports analysis of trends, e.g. converesion of biodiverse native grasslands ot more intensively managed cultivated systems. Overlay maps with biodiversity richness, species ranges, or protected areas to detect where biodiversity risks coincide with grassland loss or intensification.	grassland

Scientific papers
- Huang et al. (2024) “Biodiversity Risk, Firm Performance, and Market Mispricing”, SSRN, 4765039.
- Cardinale et al. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486(7401), 59-67.
- Borucke et al. (2013). Accounting for demand and supply of the biosphere's regenerative capacity: The National Footprint Accounts’ underlying methodology and framework. Ecological indicators, 24, pp.518-533. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.08.005
- Lin et al. (2018). Ecological footprint accounting for countries: updates and results of the national footprint accounts, 2012–2018. Resources, 7(3), p.58. doi:10.3390/resources7030058
- Svartzman et al. (2021). A'Silent Spring'for the Financial System? Exploring Biodiversity-Related Financial Risks in France

Reports
- NGFS (2024), “Nature-related Financial Risks: a Conceptual Framework to guide Action by Central Banks and Supervisors” and “Nature-related litigation: emerging trends and lessons learned from climate-related litigation”, NGFS.
- Dasgupta, P. (2021). The economics of biodiversity: The dasgupta review. United Kingdom, Her Majesty’s Treasury: London, UK

Datasets
- Dworatzek et al. (2024) National Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts , 2024 Edition (Version 1.0), Produced for Footprint Data Foundation by York University, Ecological Footprint Initiative in partnership with Global Footprint Network.